Nov 10, 20 properties of lubricants corrosion stability it is properties of lubricant which represents its resistance toward the metals. C in soft margarines appeared to be responsible for their spreadability at refrigeration temperatures table 4. Request pdf physical properties of lubricants the fundamental physical properties of a lubricant that determine its lubrication and performance. They are undesirable because burning results in soot. Evaluation and comparison of lubricant properties in minimum quantity lubrication machining bruce l. This chapter discusses the viscosity and density of lubricants, as they are the two important physical properties associated with lubrication. Aug 24, 2012 this study investigates the rheological properties, elastohydrodynamic film thickness, and friction coefficients of several commercially available polyalphaolefin pao and polydimethylsiloxane pdmsbased lubricants to assess relationships between molecular structure and lubricant performance. Semifluid lubricants greases are used in variety applications where fluid oil is not applicable and where thick lubrication film is required. Solid lubricants are available in various compositions with different properties. Castor oil, produced from castor beans, has long been considered to be of important commercial value primarily for the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, and coatings, among others.
A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. State street 224 schenectady, ny 123010806 boblett street 1927 blaine, wa 98230. The chapter explains the fundamental physical properties of lubricants such as viscosity, viscosity temperature dependence, viscosity index, pour point, flash point, volatility, oxidation stability, thermal stability. In fluidfilm lubrication, the physical properties of the lubricant, such as. Basics of lubricants lubrication free download as powerpoint presentation. These can constitute anywhere from 3 to 30% of crude. Common properties of lubricants that affect vehicle fuel. The physical properties of castor oil have been studied table 1. High viscosity implies a high resistance to flow while a low viscosity indicates a low resistance to flow. Detergents are designed to coat internal surfaces of components during normal expected operation to prevent deposits from forming. The oil palm fronds were obtained from 20 yearold trees in an oil palm plantation in kota belud, sabah.
Phytosterols, phytostanols and their esters cta 2008 page 1. Bhatia, chemical composition of different varieties of apricots and their kernels grown in ladakha region, j. Used mineralbased crankcase oil is a complex mixture of low and high c. Oils that operate over a wide temperature range need vi improvers. Because there are so many mql fluids with vastly different properties each supplier creates their own formula, understanding fluid properties and mql performance can help in selecting lubricants for mql machining in the future without going through extensive machining tests. Lubrication properties technology transfer services. In this study, the viscosity and wetting properties of a set of different eals is analysed and compared to traditional mineral oilbased lubricants using a set of experimental techniques. Oil portion warm pressed and refined without the use of solvents. Most of the research in lubricants today goes into extending life. The chemical properties of crude oils vary in relation to changes in.
The chapter explains the fundamental physical properties of lubricants such as viscosity, viscosity temperature dependence, viscosity index, pour point, flash point. The physical properties of an oil depend on its base stock. The interrelationship between dissolved oxygen, test temperature, load, and fluid is also discussed. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. Requirements and characteristics of lubricants eni. The first part of the book is theoretical and provides an introduction to tribological contact, friction, wear and lubrication, as well as the basic concepts regarding properties and the most commonly made. Global castor oil production is concentrated primarily in a. Molecular science of lubricant additives 2279 mdpi. It is measured at specific temperature by hydrometer or automatic density meter. Readers will get a thorough overview of the applicationrelated properties being tested and an extensive discussion of the principles behind the tests and their relationship to the properties themselves. Since the soap or clay is typically more expensive than the base oil, minimizing the soap or clay content while maintaining the physical properties is. Most of the physical properties of crude oils such as a.
The aim of this study is to make enhancements on the lubricant oil properties because of its importance in the. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity. Over 2500 lubricant grades are available from this page with base oils including polyalphaolefin pao, silicone, perfluoropolyether pfpe, white mineral oil wmo, and more. Lubricants can be broadly classified, on the basis of their physical state, as follows. The properties of mixtures of the oils also are considered, especially mixtures of palm and palm kernel oils in which a eutectic interaction occurs.
The chemical composition is set by manufacturing processes to satisfy a range of performance, physical and toxicological properties obtained from crude oil complex substances of hydrocarbon components. With the variety of factors that can impact lubricant film formation and effectiveness, it is to the practitioners benefit to follow a lubricant selection process that is objective, repeatable and based on widely recognized engineering practices and principles. Commercially, phytosterols are isolated from vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, rapeseed canola oil, sunflower oil or corn oil, or from socalled tall oil, a byproduct of the manufacture of wood pulp. Density is a state function and for a pure compound depends on both temperature and pressure and is shown by. Mnl59 astm international 100 barr harbor drive po box c700 west conshohocken, pa 194282959 printed in the u. Oct, 2015 a lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which reduces the heat generated. Forms of solid lubricants requirements to solid lubricants properties characterization of solid lubricants classification of solid lubricants. The remainder is a package of additives that confers properties. Olive oil refined a no no creamy stable conditioning average fast average dry golden refined from defective virgin olives. The properties in the drop down boxes are important for the specification of lubricants, but are often unimportant for the structural materials that matweb tracks. Density density is fundamental physical property of oil.
An introduction to lubricants basic lubrication principles this article serves to be a practical guide to lubricants and lubrication. The temperature has the basic influence on the lifetime of lubricants and causes oxidation and destruction of their base basis and additives. Thermo physical properties of butter, hydrogenated fat, palm oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and groundnut oil were examined. Lubricants are a combination of the base oil and the additives and the specific combination depends on the properties of both. Lubricants and lubrication from the well to the applications. The proper selection and application of lubricants will hopefully be made simpler if a little of the basic theory is understood. For example, the fact that sodium reacts with water is a chemical property. Physical properties of lubricants request pdf researchgate. Oil properties and their impact on spill response options. Mineral oil definition no clear definition petroleum industry. The fronds were segregated into three groups of matured, intermediate, and young oil palm fronds. While 1 decene is the most common starting material, other alphaolefins can be used, depending on.
Properties of composite boards from oil palm frond agricultural waste were researched. Physical properties are properties of an element or compound that can. Requirements and characteristics of lubricants the main requirements for lubricants are that they are able to. Thermo physical properties of selected oil samples as predictor of marine engines life span.
Consists of alkanes isoparaffincs, saturated cyclic alkanes. The products framed by thick lines are known as fuel oils. This function is mainly supported by the properties of base fluids. A good lubricant should not take part in corrosion. Contrary to grease or oil fluid films for hydrodynamic lubrication, boundary films created by solid lubricants are capable of maintaining a uniform thickness irrespective of speed, temperature and load. Carotenoids are yellow to deep red color materials that occur naturally in fats and oils. It covers many of the parameters used to characterize lubricants and equations which describe variation in these parameters. The change in oil quality is the result of a accumulation of contaminants including combustion soot, acidic combustion blowby products, raw residual fuel, water, etc. Nowadays, the main problem pertaining to the use of the recycled asphalt pavement rap material in hot mix asphalt hma is the ageing of bitumen, which limits the percentage of applied rap in the hma. Tocotrienols are mainly present in palm oil, but can also be found in rice bran and wheat germ oils. Analyze the contents of a quart of motor oil and you will discover that approximately 75%85% of its volume consists of base oil. The first part of the book is theoretical and provides an introduction to tribological contact, friction, wear and lubrication, as well as the basic concepts regarding properties and the most commonly made analyses on lubricants. Of primary importance are bubblepoint pressure, solution gas oil ratio gor, and formation volume factor fvf.
Crude oil derives, by way of geological processing, from organic material initially buried in. Solid lubricants are solid materials, which reduce coefficient of friction and wear of rubbing parts preventing direct contact. The emulsification number is an index of the tendency of an oil to emulsify with water. Structure and physical properties of plant wax crystal networks and their relationship to oil binding capacity. Viscosity is more commonly known as resistance to flow.
Physical properties of lubricants valvoline technical services page 1 following are the important properties of a lubricant. Chemical and physical information a typical polyalphaolefin oil prepared from 1decene and bf 3 nc4h9oh catalyst at 30 c contains predominantly trimer c30hydrocarbons with much smaller amounts of dimer, tetramer, pentamer, and hexamer. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. A lubricating oil, when mixed with water, loses its lubricating properties. The density of a lubricant is actually the function of pressure and temperature. Rapeseed oil and canola oil have traditionally been used in industrial lubricant applications but oils of many species of brassicaceae have. Introduction properties of crude oils and oil products vii during any oil spill incident, the properties of the spilled oil must be known immediately. Bakken oil properties and hazards in general, bakken crude oil presents the same physical properties as gasoline or other fuels. It has been a few years since the publication of the first edition of spectro scientifics inservice oil analysis handbook. It is critical to understand both how oil properties change over time, and how the effectiveness of response options change as a function of oil properties. Monitoring physical and chemical characteristicsoil for lubrication.
This chapter outlines the main types of lubricants and covers some of the more important lubricant properties and tests, finishing with engine tests. Viscosity the viscosity of an oil is a measure of the oils resistance to shear. It will float on water, as its specific gravity is less than 1, and it is considered moderately volatile. Our original goal was to compile a comprehensive reference book of common inservice oil analysis techniques to help readers understand and choose the right technique and. Most of the current knowledge in this area is based on studies conducted during that period. It is the resistance offered by liquid towards its flow. Basic physical properties considered are density, specific heat, heat of fusion and viscosity. Experimental results revealed the highest slip melting point 38oc. Pdf properties of lubricants and lubrication hanif. The physicochemical properties of palm oil and its components were extensively studied during the 1980s and 1990s. Perhaps the most used physical property is the viscositytemperature relationship. Thermal stability a good lubricant must be stable towards heat. Physical, chemical, and lubricant properties of brassicaceae oil.
Introduction to properties and performance provides an easy to understand overview of tribology and lubricant chemistry. Used lubricant may also be used as refinery feedstock to become part of crude oil. Structure and physical properties of plant wax crystal. Base fluids and their properties and common additives used in lubricants are also covered. Jarullah physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. The physical and chemical characteristics of oil in accordance with standard methods are examined, are practice in laboratory of fuel and lubricant of. Lubrication properties of polyalphaolefin and polysiloxane. An oil trap is a nonporous rock formation that holds the oil pool in place. Chapter 2 physical properties of lubricants 53 the solubility of a gas in a liquid is calculated from the ostwald coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of the volume of dissolved gas to the volume of solvent liquid at the test temperature and pressure. Obviously, in order to stay in the ground, the fluids oil and associated gas must be trapped, so that they cannot flow to the surface of the earth. The solid fat indices of the oil phase blend must be in the range of 25 30 at 10. Characteristics of crude oil the hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories.
Basics of lubricants lubrication lubricant lubrication. This chapter discusses the physical properties of lubricants. Phenol and urea formaldehyde resins were used as the binders. A musthave for anyone in the industry involved in the formulation, use, and specification of fuels and lubricants. Physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats, and waxes, champaign, illinois, aocs press, 2006. When one surface moves over another, there is always some resistance. Properties of lubricants viscosity pour point flash point total base number tbn corrosion inhibition extreme pressure loading property ep detergency antirust property oxidation stability viscosity this indicates the resistance of a liquid to flow. A study of enhancement of the properties of lubricant oil. Properties of lubricants principles of tribology wiley. These include the chemical and causes of the specific physical properties of the test oils. They consist mainly of carotenes such as lycopene, and xanthophylls such as lutein. The aim of this study is to make enhancements on the lubricant oil properties because of its importance in the industry, many methods can enhance the lubricant oil, in this study additive was used at different temperatures to observe effects on the properties of lubricating oil. Additives used to keep internal surfaces clean from contaminants.
Various basic properties of macadamia nut oil were studied. Lubricating oil must be stable physically at the lower and the highest temperature between which the oil is to be used. Effect of some physical and chemical properties of lubricants on. In chapter three and four, an extended discussion on the transformer oil properties is made, taking into consideration the eleven most important ones. Lubricant properties whenever an object moves against another object, friction will be present, turning kinetic energy into heat and causing equipment to wear. Turbine oils need good demulsibility while wheel bearing greases need emulsibility. Using physical properties of the fuel, such as density and fuel. The calculation of reserves in an oil reservoir or the determination of its performance requires knowledge of the fluids physical properties at elevated pressure and temperature. Types of lubricants lm systems mainly use grease or sliding surface oil for their lubricants. Physical properties of liquid edible oils coupland. Molecular structures and masses were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel.
Control methods of operational properties of lubricants. Unfortunately, the properties routinely measured by oil producers and refiners are not the ones that onscene commanders need to know most urgently. Pomace olive oil is a blend of pomace and vegetable oil. Chemical properties are properties of an element or compound in chemical reactions. Keep surfaces separate under all loads, temperatures and speeds, thus minimising friction and wear. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. Physical and chemical properties of crude oils and their.
Thermophysical properties of selected oil samples as. Thermophysical properties of fats and oils request pdf. These properties are called physical properties and chemical properties. Macadamia oil contains the highest percentage of monounsaturates when compared to both olive and canola oils. Lubricating oils reduce friction and wear between two movingsliding metallic surfaces by. Lubricants having low or high viscosities and oiliness are available. A study of enhancement of the properties of lubricant oil ahmed n. The physicochemical properties of palm oil and its. Density is a state function and for a pure compound depends. Using lubricants helps to reduce this friction, allowing more work to be done for the same amount of energy input, lowering the temperatures of the materials in contact, and greatly extending the lifespan of the moving equipment. Mohammed chemical and petrochemical engineering department, university of anbar, iraq. Oct 30, 2016 the second chapter of engineering tribology by gwidon stachowiak and andrew w batchelor is titled physical properties of lubricants. Palm oil contains the highest concentration of carotene.
200 437 461 747 330 624 1138 1324 1449 890 871 558 1582 292 715 991 22 1063 1665 609 909 140 63 37 316 1489 1197 1304 168